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Card Recovery 6 10 Build 1210 Crackers BrandsIndia facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia. India. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENTTOPOGRAPHYCLIMATEFLORA AND FAUNAENVIRONMENTPOPULATIONMIGRATIONETHNIC GROUPSLANGUAGESRELIGIONSTRANSPORTATIONHISTORYGOVERNMENTPOLITICAL PARTIESLOCAL GOVERNMENTJUDICIAL SYSTEMARMED FORCESINTERNATIONAL COOPERATIONECONOMYINCOMELABORAGRICULTUREANIMAL HUSBANDRYFISHINGFORESTRYMININGENERGY AND POWERINDUSTRYSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYDOMESTIC TRADEFOREIGN TRADEBALANCE OF PAYMENTSBANKING AND SECURITIESINSURANCEPUBLIC FINANCETAXATIONCUSTOMS AND DUTIESFOREIGN INVESTMENTECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSOCIAL DEVELOPMENTHEALTHHOUSINGEDUCATIONLIBRARIES AND MUSEUMSMEDIAORGANIZATIONSTOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATIONFAMOUS INDIANSDEPENDENCIESBIBLIOGRAPHYRepublic of India. Bharat Ganarajya. CAPITAL: New Delhi. FLAG: The national flag, adopted in 1. In the center of the white stripe is a blue wheel representing the wheel (chakra) that appears on the abacus of Asoka's lion capital (c. Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh. ANTHEM: Jana gana mana (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People ). A national song of equal status is Vande Mataram (I Bow to Thee, Mother). MONETARY UNIT: The rupee (r) is a paper currency of 1. There are coins of 5, 1. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: Metric weights and measures, introduced in 1. British and local systems. Indian numerical units still in use include the lakh (equal to 1. HOLIDAYS: Republic Day, 2. January; Independence Day, 1. August; Gandhi Jayanti, 2 October. Annual events—some national, others purely local, and each associated with one or more religious communities—number in the hundreds. The more important include Shivarati in February; and Raksha Bandhan in August. Movable religious holidays include Holi, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja, Dussehra, 'Id al- Fitr, Dewali; and Christmas, 2. December. TIME: 5: 3. GMT. The Republic of India, Asia's second- largest country after China, fills the major part of the South Asian subcontinent (which it shares with Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh) and includes the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep (formerly the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands) in the Arabian Sea. The total area is 3,2. Jammu and Kashmir; of this disputed region, 7. Pakistan and 4. 2,7. China. Comparatively, the area occupied by India is slightly more than one- third the size of the United States. China claims part of Arunachal Pradesh. Continental India extends 3,2. India is bordered on the n by the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir (west of the Karakoram Pass), China, Nepal, and Bhutan; on the e by Myanmar, Bangladesh, and the Bay of Bengal; on the s by the Indian Ocean; on the w by the Arabian Sea; and on the nw by Pakistan. The total boundary length is 2. India's capital city, New Delhi, is located in the north central part of the country. Three major features fill the Indian landscape: the Himalayas and associated ranges, a geologically young mountain belt, folded, faulted, and uplifted, that marks the nation's northern boundary and effectively seals India climatically from other Asian countries; the Peninsula, a huge stable massif of ancient crystalline rock, severely weathered and eroded; and the Ganges- Brahmaputra Lowland, a structural trough between the two rivers, now an alluvial plain carrying some of India's major rivers from the Peninsula and the Himalayas to the sea. These three features, plus a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea and a wider one along the Bay of Bengal, effectively establish five major physical- economic zones in India. Some of the world's highest peaks are found in the northern mountains: Kanchenjunga (8,5. Sikkim and Nepal; Nanda Devi (7,8. Badrinath (7,1. 38 m/2. Dunagiri (7,0. 65 m/2. India; and Kamet (7,7. India and Tibet. The Peninsula consists of an abrupt 2,4. Western Ghats, facing the Arabian Sea; interior low, rolling hills seldom rising above 6. Deccan, a vast lava bed; and peripheral hills on the north, east, and south, which rise to 2,4. Nilgiris and Cardamoms of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The Peninsula holds the bulk of India's mineral wealth, and many of its great rivers—the Narbada, Tapti, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri—flow through it to the sea. The great trench between the Peninsula and the Himalayas is the largest alluvial plain on earth, covering 1,0. Indus Delta (in Pakistan) to the Ganges- Brahmaputra Delta (shared by India and. Bangladesh), at an average width of about 3. Along this plain flow the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Son, Jumna, Chambal, Gogra, and many other major rivers, which provide India with its richest agricultural land. India is located in a seismically active region prone to destructive earthquakes. On 2. 6 January 2. India with tremors felt through most of Pakistan as well. Over 2. 0,0. 00 people were killed and over 1. It was recorded as the deadliest earthquake of the year worldwide. The disastrous tsunami that struck Indonesia on 2. December 2. 00. 4 also impacted India. The tsunami was caused by an underwater earthquake 3. Indonesia's Sumatra island. More than 1. 00,0. On 8 October 2. 00. Richter scale, struck the Kashmir region. There were more than 1. More than 1,3. 00 were killed and at least 3. The lower east (Coromandel) and west (Malabar) coasts of the Peninsula and the Ganges Delta are humid tropical; most of the Peninsula and the Ganges- Brahmaputra Lowland are moist subtropical to temperate; and the semiarid steppe and dry desert of the far west are subtropical to temperate. The northern mountains display a zonal stratification from moist subtropical to dry arctic, depending on altitude. Extremes of weather are even more pronounced than the wide variety of climatic types would indicate. Thus, villages in western Rajasthan, in the Thar (Great Indian) Desert, may experience less than 1. Khasi Hills of Assam, Cherrapunji averages about 1,1. Sections of the Malabar Coast and hill stations in the Himalayas regularly receive 2. Ganges- Brahmaputra Lowland and the Peninsula receive under 1. Winter snowfall is normal for the northern mountains and Kashmir Valley, but for most of India, scorching spring dust storms and severe hailstorms are more common. The northern half of the country is subject to frost from November through February, but by May a temperature as high as 4. High relative humidity is general from April through September. Extratropical cyclones (similar to hurricanes) often strike the coastal areas between April and June and between September and December. The monsoon is the predominant feature of India's climate and helps to divide the year into four seasons: rainy, the southwest monsoon, June–September; moist, the retreating monsoon, October–November; dry cool, the northeast monsoon, December–March; hot, April–May. The southwest monsoon brings from the Indian Ocean the moisture on which Indian agriculture relies. Unfortunately, neither the exact times of its annual arrival and departure nor its duration and intensity can be predicted, and variations are great. In 1. 98. 7, the failure of the southwest monsoon resulted in one of India's worst droughts of the century. Almost one- fourth of the land is forested. Valuable commercial forests, some of luxuriant tropical growth, are mainly restricted to the eastern Himalayas, the Western Ghats, and the Andaman Islands. Pine, oak, bamboo, juniper, deodar, and sal are important species of the Himalayas; sandalwood, teak, rosewood, mango, and Indian mahogany are found in the southern Peninsula. Some 1. 5,0. 00 varieties of midaltitude, subtropical, and tropical flowers abound in their appropriate climatic zones. The neem tree, a native tropical evergreen tree, has been called the "village pharmacy" because many parts of the tree have been used for a variety of medicines and lotions. India has over 3. Wild mammals, including deer, Indian bison, monkeys, and bears, live in the Himalayan foothills and the hilly section of Assam and the plateau. In the populated areas, many dogs, cows, and monkeys wander as wild or semiwild scavengers. Among India's most pressing environmental problems are land damage, water shortages, and air and water pollution. During 1. 98. 5, deforestation, which, especially in the Himalayan watershed areas, aggravates the danger of flooding, averaged 1,4. India also lost 5. In 2. 00. 0, about 2. Despite three decades of flood- control programs that had already cost an estimated $1. As of the mid- 1. Due to uncontrolled dumping of chemical and industrial waste, fertilizers and pesticides, 7. India is polluted. The nation has 1,2.
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